Which of the following conditions can contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD)? Select all that apply.

Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) due to its impact on vascular health and metabolic function. Individuals with diabetes often experience higher levels of blood sugar, which can lead to the damage of blood vessels over time. This damage is primarily due to increased inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and the promotion of atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries, narrowing them and potentially leading to heart-related complications.

Moreover, diabetes is frequently associated with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels), all of which further increase the risk of developing CAD. Effective management of diabetes and maintaining optimal blood sugar levels are crucial in reducing the likelihood of CAD and related cardiovascular issues.

In contrast, while heart failure and pneumonia may be relevant to overall cardiovascular health, they are not direct contributors to the development of coronary artery disease itself. Heart failure often results from pre-existing conditions like CAD rather than contributing to its formation. Pneumonia, an infectious condition, primarily affects the lungs and does not have a direct role in the pathophysiology of CAD. Hypertension, however, is another key factor that also contributes to coronary artery disease and would be relevant in another context