Which diagnostic tests are specifically used to confirm coronary artery disease (CAD)? Select all that apply.

Cardiac catheterization is a definitive procedure used to assess and confirm the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). During this test, a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the coronary arteries, where contrast dye is injected to visualize the arteries using X-ray imaging. This allows for direct observation of the presence and extent of any blockages or obstructions in the coronary arteries, making it an essential tool in the diagnosis of CAD.

While other tests, such as a treadmill exercise stress test, may also provide useful information regarding the heart's ability to function under stress, they are not as definitive as cardiac catheterization. Stress tests can suggest the presence of CAD based on the heart's performance during exercise, but they cannot directly visualize the coronary arteries.

Chest radiographs primarily assess the structure of the thoracic cavity and can help rule out other conditions but do not specifically diagnose CAD. Orthostatic blood pressures are used to assess blood pressure changes when a person stands up or changes position, which is not indicative of coronary artery disease.